I don’t know what the lasting impact of the diverse events and language of the last couple of weeks will be for me – or others. I don’t know how I’ll feel or think or what tone my writing will take, especially as the 300-year campaign of the 2016 election moves glacially along. But whatever people’s different feelings about all this may be, none of us can deny that something extraordinary has happened. And that in itself is amazing.
Showing posts with label hate crimes. Show all posts
Showing posts with label hate crimes. Show all posts
Sunday, June 28, 2015
Amazing Grace
If you did not see or read
President Obama’s eulogy for Rev./SC State Sen. Clementa Pinckney on Thursday
afternoon, you missed something unique and magnificent. The perspective of the
President’s language was very Christian because he himself is very Christian
and he was offering a eulogy about a minister, so that’s not surprising. But
his tribute was particularly eloquent and filled with messages of basic
humanism, the possibility for the evolution of human kindness, historic truth, common
sense, and social and political necessity, all of which was entirely
appropriate in the context of the eulogy and the time in which we live. If you
missed it, I encourage you to click on one of the links above.
The President’s core
message was that we are blessed by God with grace – the grace to be good people;
people capable of love and forgiveness even in response to the most vile
wrong-doing and the most heart wrenching grief; and that if we can learn how to
live our lives and view others with a more open heart, anything and everything
good is possible. Even if you take God out of that scenario and simply view the
capacity for grace as something that is a central part of our DNA which we can
choose to cultivate or ignore, the message still rings true and is worthy of
contemplation and discussion.
As my regular readers
know, I embody a great deal of anger, cynicism, and hardcore judgment about
things and circumstances I don’t like. I apply this rancor to all the subjects
this blog is primarily about: politics, contemporary culture, new technology,
and the ruination of the English language. I try to reveal the sense of humor I
have that keeps me relatively sane and has so far prevented me from committing
acts of violence. But I’ve also discussed my considerable depression and
misery.
Over the past couple of days,
I’ve twice watched the President deliver the eulogy and read the text once.
Besides increasing my respect and affection for him, I’ve thought
a lot about the lack of grace I’ve cultivated within myself and wondered (1) if
I have the ability to do so and (2) if even the effort would give me a greater
sense of inner peace if not outright love, happiness and joy. I don’t know the
answer, but I admit that I fear the process, not because of its difficulty, but
because I’ve clung to these feelings like a teddy bear for decades.
Indeed, they remind me of a
great Robin Williams scene in Moscow On
the Hudson, in which he plays a foreign musician and he’s just jammed with
a blues band and is talking to one of the American musicians: “When I was in Russia, I did not love my
life, but I loved my misery. You know why? Because it was my misery. I
could hold it. I could caress it. I loved my misery. You know, I have a whole
family I will never ever see again. You see? Now you see. You know it. There it
is. Now you know that the saddest thing in the world is life. Yeah, man. Now
you see. Thank you. Thank you for a wonderful night. Boy, I feel great. Take
care. I love you.” “If that was
wonderful, what happens when he hits deep depression?”
I don’t know what the lasting impact of the diverse events and language of the last couple of weeks will be for me – or others. I don’t know how I’ll feel or think or what tone my writing will take, especially as the 300-year campaign of the 2016 election moves glacially along. But whatever people’s different feelings about all this may be, none of us can deny that something extraordinary has happened. And that in itself is amazing.
Posted by MizB at 1:52 PM 2 comments
Sunday, June 21, 2015
Calling a Spade a Spade
For the last few days,
I’ve been doing a lot of thinking and soul-searching about Dylann Roof’s murder
of nine black people during a bible study class at Mother Emanuel A.M.E. Church
in Charleston, SC, last week. First, I will not do what I’m still hearing the
media do: call Roof a “suspect” or say that he “allegedly” carried out this
massacre. There’s no suspicion or anything alleged about it. This sick ticket
told friends he was going to do it; wrote a manifesto about it on his website;
and confessed to police that he had done it. We know who’s dead, we know who
killed them, and we know why.
The other thing I will not
do is call this incident an act of terrorism. That word has other connotations
and we as a nation have become comfortable with it – albeit in a frightened,
unsettling way. This was a plain, old
fashioned, act of American racist murder. And the word we no longer want to
say is racism.
There are supposedly
intelligent people out there who think racism is over because we elected a
black president. On the contrary, the deep core of racism that still exists in
this country – but which a lot of people had been keeping quieter about with
the passage of time and the undeniable strides of the Civil Rights Movement –
has been surging upwards because of
President Obama’s election. What do you think the Tea Party types mean when
they say “We want our country back”? Who do you think they think took it away? How do you think they feel when they see
an increasing number of black people in other significant positions of
authority in government and in business?
What else explains the
fact that quite a few of the 684 Republicans trying to run for president said
of Dylann Roof that we’ll never really know why he did what he did. Really? He
made his reasons pretty clear. He said black people were “raping our women, and
taking over the country. They’ve gotta go.” That clear enough for ya?
I also want to add here
something I was saving for after the 2016 election. I do believe that many Republicans
and Conservatives in both houses of Congress were genuinely concerned that
President Obama would attempt to do all sorts of radically liberal things;
after all, he had campaigned so vehemently about “change” and “it’s our time”
and all that. But the reality turned out to be that his governance has been
remarkably centrist, even right of
centrist, in a determined effort to work cooperatively with the opposition.
But no matter what he did
or didn’t do to try to reassure them, their response was to not work with him at all! Instead, they gave
obstructionism powerful new meaning. They actively disrespected him to a
shocking extent. They questioned his citizenship, patriotism, college record,
honesty, and said he was not a “legitimate” president. And in so doing, they
riled up white supremacists like Dylan Roof and, all puns intended, showed
their own true colors.
What’s hurt me most about
the behavior of those who call themselves members of The Party of Lincoln, is
that it clearly never even occurred to them (1) how much this milestone meant
to black Americans and (2) it would have been a real gesture of human kindness
and political decency if they really enhanced their efforts to treat him with
extra respect and work with him especially cooperatively. They had the power to
make sure he didn’t do anything too liberal. So why didn’t they do anything
like this? Because it makes them crazy to
see a black man in The White House.
Despite all the racial violence we’ve recently witnessed by white police against black citizens; and despite all of the incredibly racist connections that exist in relation to poverty, hunger, disproportionate incarceration, education, unemployment, income inequality, etc., etc, etc., there has also been heartening progress in other ways. And oddly enough you see it more in the south than you do in the north. A lot of white folks who were raised in a climate of racism have matured out of it. It’s why I chose the photo shown above, of a white man grieving at the gate of the South Carolina church.
And then there’s this. Many atheists think
anyone who is religious takes a moronic, literal, evangelical view. Not true.
Most look to their faith for strength, courage, basic values to live by, wisdom,
patience, and the capacity to love and forgive, even when such feelings would
seem impossible. As a secular Jew and Interfaith Minister of Spiritual
Counseling, I admit, to my chagrin, that I haven’t found within myself the
capacity to love or forgive Dylann Roof – not yet. But I’m paying attention and
trying to grow. And at the very least, speak truth to power and weakness. My own and others. It’s
not much, but it’s a start.
Posted by MizB at 12:40 PM 3 comments
Thursday, August 25, 2011
Important Memories and Strange Bedfellows
I received an email this morning about the Holocaust. I have an uncle by marriage (he was married to my mother’s sister, now deceased) who is a very conservative man, born and bred in poverty in the little towns around Meridian, Mississippi. He has remarried to a woman who is a devoted born-again Christian and, judging from other emails I’ve received from her, is also quite conservative. This morning’s email came from her.
It’s important to me to note here that my uncle has made a generous, ongoing effort to maintain an uncle/niece relationship with me since my aunt’s death, which is a little ironic, since we had no relationship to speak of while my aunt was alive. That was largely my choice, because I had never really forgiven him for banning my black father from visiting their white New Jersey home when I was a kid. I didn’t particularly like my aunt, either. When I was a teenager, I christened them Aunt Tarantula and Uncle Fuck. Fortunately, we all grew up and calmed down – and my uncle had a very nice relationship with both my parents during the last 15 years (or so) of their lives. And my uncle’s second wife, Tommie, was accepting of me as a niece right from the start. If you can keep politics out of some relationships, the ties that come to bind can surprise you.
Earlier this year, my uncle and step-aunt visited Israel with a Christian touring group. They came back filled with delight and, I think, a sense of renewal. For some Christians and Muslims, as well as Jews, Israel is regarded as a holy, treasured place. “Everyone who considers themselves a Christian or Jew should go there,” said my uncle. Since the “Left” abandoned Israel and it became embraced by the “Right,” my uncle has taken a great interest in Israel’s safety and survival, and has developed a genuine simpatico with Jews. It’s too bad this didn’t happen when he was married to my aunt, who, at his request or through her own instincts (I don’t know which), hid the fact that she was Jewish from his family for the first 15 years of their 30+ year marriage.
Anyway, Tommie sent me an email with a link to a video about The Auschwitz Album, which is very moving and informative and I hope you’ll take a look at it. I sent her the following verbose reply:
Dear Tommie,
Thank you for sending this to me.
No, I've never seen this album before, but I of course have seen many other photos and hours of Nazi war footage over the years. I have been fascinated, appalled, and in many ways galvanized by the Holocaust since I first saw footage from the camps on TV when I was about 8 years old. My parents and grandparents did not hesitate to explain the Holocaust to me -- as much as the Holocaust can be “explained.”
When I was growing up in the 50s, knowing about the Holocaust, which at that time had ended so recently, was the duty of all Jews and something essential that had to be understood by Jewish children so we would keep the memory alive. I have very vivid memories of Nathan, our local small grocer in the Bronx, who wore short-sleeved shirts even in the chill of winter, because he wanted people to see the number tattooed on his arm and talk to him about what happened. I also remember my grandfather sitting close to a little white plastic radio, clutching the arms of his chair and crying as he listened to the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Israel.
I wonder if many secular Jewish children today know anything about this shattering event.
Since the Holocaust, there have been other horrible instances of mass murder around the globe, properly described as genocide. But the Holocaust is unique – not because it happened to Jews, but because it happened in Germany (and Poland, and throughout Nazi/Fascist Europe), one of the most refined and “civilized” countries in the world that has made virtually unparalleled contributions to art, music, science, literature, social development and religious reformation.
It is different because of its cold, meticulous organization. The Nazis were not ignorant peasants or savages, killing with machetes and rocks and malfunctioning guns out of misplaced passion and ignorance. They were calm, cool executors of a deliberate, evil, master plan, so planned and so “thrifty” that they made sure to collect gold fillings from the mouths of the dead and use their skin for soap and lampshades, and save their eyeglasses for recycling.
Yes, it was the ultimate act of anti-Semitism, but it was also an outrageous cautionary tale about what so-called civilized people/countries are capable of doing to other people who are fully integrated into society. Before the Holocaust, many Jews were prominent German businesspeople, educators, renowned artists/musicians/writers/scientists, community leaders, and local/national politicians, many of whom identified themselves as Germans ahead of viewing themselves as Jews. There were lots of poor, commonplace Jews, but there were also a good number who were rich and had fine homes and beautiful, treasured belongings.
The Holocaust is also unique because it was not done to cleanse society of destructive elements, but because the aim was to permanently rid society of everyone and anyone deemed inadequate by the twisted standards of Aryan superiority. Which is why it's also important to remember that there were not only six million Jews who were destroyed, but another six million people, as well: Catholics, political dissidents, Gypsies, homosexuals, the mentally challenged and physically deformed – essentially anyone considered inferior, but more significantly, considered unnecessary, worthless.
The Holocaust was the pivotal event of the 20th century and has much to teach us in the 21st.
Especially now, as America and Europe endure such socially/politically/ financially difficult times, it's important to remember what unvarnished hatred can lead to, what resentment of immigrants and minorities can lead to, what the desire to be rid of criminals and drug addicts and “social deviants” can lead to. It's so much easier to destroy rather than compromise and co-exist. It's why the present feels so dangerous and frightening.
And, if for no other reason, the Holocaust is reason enough to support Israel, which was created by and for Jews (not to mention the British...) as some insufficient compensation for the devastation of the Holocaust. I know that many people believe Barack Obama is anti-Israel and pro-Palestinian, which provides just another reason to hate/oppose him. But that's not true. PM Netanyahu is a conservative leader with conservative views about how to protect/preserve Israel. There are many, many Israelis who do not agree with his opinions and approach. And these dissenters must be heeded, because the Arab Spring is creating a larger, tighter ring of hatred around Israel than has ever existed – and as the US's key negotiator said after resigning out of frustration, Israel will not survive without local allies. How this can/will be achieved remains to be seen, but in memory of the Holocaust and as an act of important present-day diplomacy, it's an alliance that must be created.
If you wish, feel free to pass the above rant on to anyone you'd like.
Pontifically,
Jeanne
Thank you for sending this to me.
No, I've never seen this album before, but I of course have seen many other photos and hours of Nazi war footage over the years. I have been fascinated, appalled, and in many ways galvanized by the Holocaust since I first saw footage from the camps on TV when I was about 8 years old. My parents and grandparents did not hesitate to explain the Holocaust to me -- as much as the Holocaust can be “explained.”
When I was growing up in the 50s, knowing about the Holocaust, which at that time had ended so recently, was the duty of all Jews and something essential that had to be understood by Jewish children so we would keep the memory alive. I have very vivid memories of Nathan, our local small grocer in the Bronx, who wore short-sleeved shirts even in the chill of winter, because he wanted people to see the number tattooed on his arm and talk to him about what happened. I also remember my grandfather sitting close to a little white plastic radio, clutching the arms of his chair and crying as he listened to the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Israel.
I wonder if many secular Jewish children today know anything about this shattering event.
Since the Holocaust, there have been other horrible instances of mass murder around the globe, properly described as genocide. But the Holocaust is unique – not because it happened to Jews, but because it happened in Germany (and Poland, and throughout Nazi/Fascist Europe), one of the most refined and “civilized” countries in the world that has made virtually unparalleled contributions to art, music, science, literature, social development and religious reformation.
It is different because of its cold, meticulous organization. The Nazis were not ignorant peasants or savages, killing with machetes and rocks and malfunctioning guns out of misplaced passion and ignorance. They were calm, cool executors of a deliberate, evil, master plan, so planned and so “thrifty” that they made sure to collect gold fillings from the mouths of the dead and use their skin for soap and lampshades, and save their eyeglasses for recycling.
Yes, it was the ultimate act of anti-Semitism, but it was also an outrageous cautionary tale about what so-called civilized people/countries are capable of doing to other people who are fully integrated into society. Before the Holocaust, many Jews were prominent German businesspeople, educators, renowned artists/musicians/writers/scientists, community leaders, and local/national politicians, many of whom identified themselves as Germans ahead of viewing themselves as Jews. There were lots of poor, commonplace Jews, but there were also a good number who were rich and had fine homes and beautiful, treasured belongings.
The Holocaust is also unique because it was not done to cleanse society of destructive elements, but because the aim was to permanently rid society of everyone and anyone deemed inadequate by the twisted standards of Aryan superiority. Which is why it's also important to remember that there were not only six million Jews who were destroyed, but another six million people, as well: Catholics, political dissidents, Gypsies, homosexuals, the mentally challenged and physically deformed – essentially anyone considered inferior, but more significantly, considered unnecessary, worthless.
The Holocaust was the pivotal event of the 20th century and has much to teach us in the 21st.
Especially now, as America and Europe endure such socially/politically/ financially difficult times, it's important to remember what unvarnished hatred can lead to, what resentment of immigrants and minorities can lead to, what the desire to be rid of criminals and drug addicts and “social deviants” can lead to. It's so much easier to destroy rather than compromise and co-exist. It's why the present feels so dangerous and frightening.
And, if for no other reason, the Holocaust is reason enough to support Israel, which was created by and for Jews (not to mention the British...) as some insufficient compensation for the devastation of the Holocaust. I know that many people believe Barack Obama is anti-Israel and pro-Palestinian, which provides just another reason to hate/oppose him. But that's not true. PM Netanyahu is a conservative leader with conservative views about how to protect/preserve Israel. There are many, many Israelis who do not agree with his opinions and approach. And these dissenters must be heeded, because the Arab Spring is creating a larger, tighter ring of hatred around Israel than has ever existed – and as the US's key negotiator said after resigning out of frustration, Israel will not survive without local allies. How this can/will be achieved remains to be seen, but in memory of the Holocaust and as an act of important present-day diplomacy, it's an alliance that must be created.
If you wish, feel free to pass the above rant on to anyone you'd like.
Pontifically,
Jeanne
Posted by MizB at 11:52 AM 3 comments
Thursday, June 11, 2009
Searching For Peace In the Time of Crazy
Once again, the confluence of current events and cultural activities has cast the conun-drum of creating something akin to genuine, peaceful co-existence in the Middle East into stark relief.
Yesterday, 88-year-old James W. von Brunn – a notorious anti-Semite/Holocaust denier, racist and hate site Webmaster – was politely helped into the entrance of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington DC by a security guard – whom he promptly shot and who died shortly afterwards. This elderly hatemonger, with the end of life well in sight, felt compelled to take his shotgun (which, as a convicted felon, he shouldn’t have had in the first place) and continue his vitriolic battle against all things Jewish and African-American. The FBI astutely labeled this an act of domestic terrorism and said “We know what he did, now we have to find out why he did it.” Duh?!
It is important to note that the guard – as much a hero as any soldier on the front lines of war – was named Stephen Tyrone Johns. He was black, 39-years-old, had worked at the Museum for six years, was known as Big John to his colleagues and was appreciated by everyone who works there for his courtesy and friendliness. He lived in Maryland, had gotten married about a year ago, and had a son. If he had not literally used his own body to stop von Brunn, one can only imagine how many of the thousands of Museum visitors von Brunn might have gotten.
This appalling incident came on the heels of President Obama’s Middle Eastern/European trip, during which he said and did some very sensible, sensitive, important and difficult things. But today, when he responded to the Museum shooting by saying he was “`shocked’ and saddened,” he confirmed for some Israelis and other Jews that on a fundamental level, he just doesn’t get it; he doesn’t understand that the most virulent kind of anti-Semitism and Holocaust denial are not only alive and well, but growing. Which is why the president’s call for peace and reconciliation between Israelis and Palestinians is not well received in some Jewish quarters, where the prevailing sentiment is that compromise is a direct road to annihilation. An excellent explanation of this position is expressed by Mitchell Bard in his essay Did Obama Learn the Lesson of Buchenwald? on the Encyclopedia Britannica Blog.
Although I champion the president’s position, I’m frankly shocked that America’s first black president, a man who understands language and uses it well, wouldn’t know better. Chris Rock, on his most recent HBO comedy special, talks about racism at one point. I’m about to paraphrase here, because I don’t have a transcript, but the “language” is accurate. He says it always surprises and irritates him when a black person says he’s “shocked” by a racist incident. “I’m ready for some kind of racist bullshit anytime, anywhere,” he says. “If I was being interviewed by Regis Philbin, chatting and saying `Yeah, I’m in Madagascar 2 and it’s great,’ and all of a sudden Regis jumped up and stabbed me in the neck yelling `Take that, you lousy nigger!’ I’d say to myself `I shoulda seen it coming’.”
Also yesterday, in the parallel universe of the arts, there was a program carried by many PBS stations, America At a Crossroads: Stand-Up Muslim-American Comics Come of Age. It was interesting and entertaining and, not surprisingly, a good deal of the humor was grounded in the difficulty of just being a Muslim-American in post-9/11 America, where everywhere they go, everyone they meet, thinks they’re a terrorist. And this weekend, on the PBS program Sunday Arts, there will be a segment about “Light of the Sufis: The Mystical Arts of Islam,” part of a current presentation at the Brooklyn Museum entitled The Muslim Voices, Arts & Ideas Festival. Apparently, politics, media and the arts are joining forces (synchronicity in action?) to give us a more positive, sympathetic image of Muslims in general and Muslim-Americans in particular.
Bill Maher, at the end of his wise and funny documentary, Religulous, says “Religion must die if humankind is to live.” As you no doubt know, Mr. Maher believes that traditional, organized religion is the root of all evil, violence and stupidity. But whether or not the world would be a better place without religion is a moot point, because it’s not going to happen. For the record, James W. von Brunn is not a Muslim or a person of any faith, so far as I know. But most people want and need a religion to make their lives manageable. Like it says in the old Scottish folk ballad, All My Trials, “If religion were a thing that money could buy, the rich would live and the poor would die.” People of all faiths want to practice their faith and preserve their history, their future – and their sanity in a crazy world.
Yesterday, 88-year-old James W. von Brunn – a notorious anti-Semite/Holocaust denier, racist and hate site Webmaster – was politely helped into the entrance of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington DC by a security guard – whom he promptly shot and who died shortly afterwards. This elderly hatemonger, with the end of life well in sight, felt compelled to take his shotgun (which, as a convicted felon, he shouldn’t have had in the first place) and continue his vitriolic battle against all things Jewish and African-American. The FBI astutely labeled this an act of domestic terrorism and said “We know what he did, now we have to find out why he did it.” Duh?!
It is important to note that the guard – as much a hero as any soldier on the front lines of war – was named Stephen Tyrone Johns. He was black, 39-years-old, had worked at the Museum for six years, was known as Big John to his colleagues and was appreciated by everyone who works there for his courtesy and friendliness. He lived in Maryland, had gotten married about a year ago, and had a son. If he had not literally used his own body to stop von Brunn, one can only imagine how many of the thousands of Museum visitors von Brunn might have gotten.
This appalling incident came on the heels of President Obama’s Middle Eastern/European trip, during which he said and did some very sensible, sensitive, important and difficult things. But today, when he responded to the Museum shooting by saying he was “`shocked’ and saddened,” he confirmed for some Israelis and other Jews that on a fundamental level, he just doesn’t get it; he doesn’t understand that the most virulent kind of anti-Semitism and Holocaust denial are not only alive and well, but growing. Which is why the president’s call for peace and reconciliation between Israelis and Palestinians is not well received in some Jewish quarters, where the prevailing sentiment is that compromise is a direct road to annihilation. An excellent explanation of this position is expressed by Mitchell Bard in his essay Did Obama Learn the Lesson of Buchenwald? on the Encyclopedia Britannica Blog.
Although I champion the president’s position, I’m frankly shocked that America’s first black president, a man who understands language and uses it well, wouldn’t know better. Chris Rock, on his most recent HBO comedy special, talks about racism at one point. I’m about to paraphrase here, because I don’t have a transcript, but the “language” is accurate. He says it always surprises and irritates him when a black person says he’s “shocked” by a racist incident. “I’m ready for some kind of racist bullshit anytime, anywhere,” he says. “If I was being interviewed by Regis Philbin, chatting and saying `Yeah, I’m in Madagascar 2 and it’s great,’ and all of a sudden Regis jumped up and stabbed me in the neck yelling `Take that, you lousy nigger!’ I’d say to myself `I shoulda seen it coming’.”
Also yesterday, in the parallel universe of the arts, there was a program carried by many PBS stations, America At a Crossroads: Stand-Up Muslim-American Comics Come of Age. It was interesting and entertaining and, not surprisingly, a good deal of the humor was grounded in the difficulty of just being a Muslim-American in post-9/11 America, where everywhere they go, everyone they meet, thinks they’re a terrorist. And this weekend, on the PBS program Sunday Arts, there will be a segment about “Light of the Sufis: The Mystical Arts of Islam,” part of a current presentation at the Brooklyn Museum entitled The Muslim Voices, Arts & Ideas Festival. Apparently, politics, media and the arts are joining forces (synchronicity in action?) to give us a more positive, sympathetic image of Muslims in general and Muslim-Americans in particular.
Bill Maher, at the end of his wise and funny documentary, Religulous, says “Religion must die if humankind is to live.” As you no doubt know, Mr. Maher believes that traditional, organized religion is the root of all evil, violence and stupidity. But whether or not the world would be a better place without religion is a moot point, because it’s not going to happen. For the record, James W. von Brunn is not a Muslim or a person of any faith, so far as I know. But most people want and need a religion to make their lives manageable. Like it says in the old Scottish folk ballad, All My Trials, “If religion were a thing that money could buy, the rich would live and the poor would die.” People of all faiths want to practice their faith and preserve their history, their future – and their sanity in a crazy world.
Unfortunately, some people of some faiths want to obliterate all people of certain other faiths – and Jews have good reason to feel endangered in this regard. I think it’s a good, helpful thing for Americans, who are so often so ignorant about so many things, to learn more about Islam, the fastest-growing religion in this country (and the world) today. But it also wouldn’t hurt for more people to learn and understand more about Jews – including our well-intentioned president, who perhaps doesn’t fully comprehend the depth of Jewish fear and anger, and the potency of Israeli resolve.
Posted by MizB at 11:56 PM 0 comments
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)


